Assessment framework to assist ecosystem-based adaptation implementation at local level: evidence from Spain and Portugal

Climate hazard events, such as floods and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and severe. This paper focuses on coastal urban areas and addresses the need for implementing effective ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) measures. It highlights the importance of integrating EbA into urban planning to enhance resilience. The study proposes a comprehensive assessment framework to guide EbA implementation process at the local level. Governance system, policy framework, and funding sources are identified as key factors influencing the process. Within governance structures, the study focuses on cooperation, decision-making processes, scientific knowledge, and political support. Plans and strategies, regulations, international treaties, or agreements are recognized within policy sphere. The framework also considers the importance of sustainable funding mechanisms, including public–private partnerships and fiscal incentives, to ensure the long-term viability of EbAinterventions. Theframework’s applicability and effectiveness are tested by assessing 10 implementation experiences in Spain and Portugal. The assessment underscores the need for adaptive governance and the inclusion of diverse stakeholders in planning and execution. The research concludes with the need for a systemic approach to integrating EbA into local adaptation strategies, to bridge the knowledge gap between researchers and practitioners, foster adaptation in coastal urban environments, and increase climate resilience.